Internet search patterns for psychoactive substance use prevention and treatment in Mexico: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: This study was aimed at describing the patterns of searches for information on the prevention and treatment of psychoactive drug use in Mexico, among both the general population and the personnel dedicated to the prevention and treatment of this type of substance use in Mexico. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional quantitative study was performed with a validated online questionnaire to collect sociodemographic information, background information and self-reported internet search patterns on psychoactive substance use prevention. A chi-square test was used to identify differences between groups, and a classification tree was used to analyze the search patterns. The combinations of the search criteria with the search topics were entered into Google Trends to validate the information. Results: The participants (n = 544 adults) were mostly women (65%), 18-30 years of age and bachelor's degree holders (57%). A total of 32% were students, 59% searched the Internet for drug use prevention or treatment, and 12% professionally engaged in drug use prevention or treatment. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were found between the general population and professionals dedicated to drug dependency services. We identified six search patterns used in the decision-making process by people seeking information on drug prevention and treatment on the Internet. These patterns were graphically visualized with a classification tree, although, this method did not allow clear differentiation of patterns between groups. The search patterns were successfully validated with Google trends.

Percepción de los estudiantes sobre el consumo de drogas psicoactivas en su universidad / Perception of Students Regarding Psychoactive Drug Use at Their University / Percepção de estudantes sobre o consumo de drogas psicoativas na universidade

entre los jóvenes universitarios se ha observado una tolerancia creciente hacia el consumo de drogas, debido ­entre otros factores­ a una reducción en la percepción de riesgo, que puede con-tribuir a la normalización del consumo. El objetivo fue analizar la percepción de los estudiantes de unauniversidad pública mexicana sobre la situación y la gravedad del consumo de drogas en su institución mediante diversos indicadores. Materiales y métodos: se analizó la base de datos derivada de la aplica-ción del Cuestionario sobre Consumo de Drogas en Estudiantes Universitarios (codeu-3), en el que partici-paron 19 815 estudiantes; se realizaron comparaciones según sexo y área académica utilizando pruebas de chi-cuadrado y el análisis post hoc de Bonferroni. Resultados: las mujeres indicaron tener una menor percepción de riesgo que los hombres sobre las variables analizadas (percepción de los participantes sobre el consumo de drogas en su facultad, venta y gravedad del consumo de drogas, según sexo y área académica y conductas de docentes y estudiantes que facilitan el consumo de alcohol y la postura de las autoridades universitarias ante estudiantes consumidores, según sexo y área académica). Conclusión: los resultados muestran diferencias en la percepción de hombres y mujeres, así como las diferencias asociadas con la adscripción de los estudiantes en las distintas áreas académicas, por lo que se sugiere profundizar el estudio de estos aspectos.

There is a growing tolerance toward drug use among university students due to a reduction in the perception of risk, which is considered as those judgments or intuitions held regarding the danger of a situation that can contribute to the normalization of consumption. This study aimed to analyze the perception of the students at a Mexican public university toward the situation and seriousness of drug use in the university using various indicators. Materials and methods: The database derived from the application of the Questionnaire on Drug Use in University Students (codeu-2 by its name in Spanish), in which 19,815 students from a Mexican public university participated, was analyzed, and comparisons were made according to gender and academic area using chi-squared tests and Bonferroni's post hocanalysis. Results: Women were reported to have a lower perception of risk than men on the variables analyzed (participants' perception of drug use in their faculty, sale and severity of drug use, according to gender and academic area, and behaviors of teachers and students that facilitate alcohol use and the position of university authorities towards student consumers, according to gender and academic area). Conclusion: The results indicated the importance of studying in greater depth the differences in the perception of men and women, as well as their affiliation in the different academic areas.

tem-se observado entre os jovens universitários uma crescente tolerância ao uso de dro-gas, devido à redução da percepção de risco, que é considerada como aqueles julgamentos ou intuições que se fazem sobre o perigo de uma situação, o que pode contribuir para a normalização do consumo. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção dos estudantes de uma universidade pública mexicana sobre a situação e a gravidade do uso de drogas em sua instituição por meio de vários indicadores. Materiais e métodos: analisou-se a base de dados derivada da aplicação do Questionário de Uso de Drogas em Estudantes Universitários (codeu-2), do qual participaram 19,815 estudantes; as comparações foram feitas de acordo com o gênero e a área acadêmica por meio de testes de qui-quadrado e análise post hoc de Bonferroni. Resultados: as mulheres relataram menor percepção de risco do que os homens nas variáveis analisadas (percepção dos participantes sobre o uso de drogas na faculdade, venda e gravidade do uso de drogas, por gênero e área acadêmica, e comportamentos de professores e alunos que facilitam o consumo de álcool e a atitude das autoridades universitárias perante estudantes consumidores, de acordo com o gênero e área acadêmica). Conclusão: os resultados mostram diferenças na percepção de homens e mulheres, bem como as diferenças associadas à inserção dos alunos nas diferentes áreas acadêmicas, para o que se sugere aprofundar o estudo desses aspectos.

[Consumption of legal and illegal drugs and depressive symptoms in older adults during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Mexico]. / Consumo de drogas legales e ilegales y síntomas de depresión en adultos mayores usuarios de Facebook durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en México.

BACKGROUND: The health risks faced by older adults are diverse; however, little has been explored about the use and abuse of psychoactive substances in this population. The seclusion imposed by the situation that prevails due to SARS-CoV-2 has increased the feelings of loneliness, isolation and sadness associated with this age, which makes them a risk factor for drug use. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the consumption of legal and illegal drugs in people over 60 years of age who are Facebook users and its relationship with symptoms of depression during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study carried out on 380 elderly people, Facebook users, who answered a questionnaire published online, which inquired about: sociodemographic data, frequency and amount of legal and illegal drug use, and depressive symptomatology. RESULTS: 50.26% were women; the average age was 66.79 years (SD=5.81); 31.05% consumed alcohol in the last 30 days, 22.63% tobacco, tranquilizers without medical prescription 16.05% and marijuana 7.89%. The consumption of other illegal drugs did not exceed 2.6% of the population. When comparing between users and non-users, it turned out that consumption in the last 30 days was slightly higher in women, in single people and no differences were observed depending on the level of schooling. Mild and severe depressive symptoms were found to be associated with all drugs except tobacco and opiates. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained demonstrate the need to make drug use visible among older adults and to develop strategies that reduce the mood disorders they may be experiencing, such as fear, anguish and depression. When comparing between users and non-users, it turned out that consumption in the last 30 days was slightly higher in women, in single people and no differences were observed depending on the level of schooling.

Tecnologías de la información y comunicación para el cuidado y atención del embarazo en el primer nivel de atención / Information and communication technologies for pregnancy care in primary attention level

Resumen El cuidado materno es un asunto prioritario en la prestación de servicios de salud, por lo que se trabaja continuamente en la mejora de la atención a las embarazadas. Este esfuerzo requiere información que ayude a establecer la efectividad de las estrategias empleadas, acorde a las necesidades de la población. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la disponibilidad, el acceso y uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) en las embarazadas atendidas por la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Veracruz, México, así como identificar las necesidades que pueden ser resueltas o apoyadas mediante su uso. Se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra estratificada de 709 embarazadas, usuarias de servicios de salud del primer nivel de atención, de la ciudad de Xalapa. Los resultados mostraron que el 91.9 % del total de las mujeres encuestadas usarían alguna de las TIC para el cuidado de su salud durante el embarazo. El 95.0 % de las entrevistadas disponía de teléfono móvil, de las cuales, el 68.4 % podían conectarse a internet exclusivamente a través del celular por las funciones que poseían sus teléfonos, aunque solo el 58.0 % lo utilizaría para el cuidado de su salud. El uso de la internet representó una herramienta de gran utilidad para prestar servicios administrativos, preventivos, de promoción a la salud o de atención. Este grupo manifestó interés por el uso de las TIC para el cuidado y atención durante su embarazo, especialmente para recibir información de salud, detectar riesgos en el embarazo o problemas y necesidades específicas de la mujer. Dichos resultados sugieren que es viable promover estrategias de eSalud y mSalud en el primer nivel de atención en México.

Abstract Maternal care is a priority issue in the provision of health services, this is why we continuously work on improving care for pregnant women. This effort requires basic information that helps establish the effectiveness of the employed strategies, according to the needs of the population. This paper aims to determine the availability, access and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the primary care of pregnant women treated by the Health Secretary of the State of Veracruz, Mexico. It also intends to identify the needs that can be resolved or supported through the use of ICT. A questionnaire was designed and administered to a stratified sample of 709 pregnant women who were users of primary care health services in the city of Xalapa. The results showed that 91.9 % of all surveyed women would use at least one of the ICT for their health care during pregnancy. 95.0 % of those interviewed had a mobile phone, of which 68.4 % could connect to the Internet exclusively through cell phones because of the functions that their phones possessed. However, only 58.0 % would use it for their health care. The use of the internet represented a very useful tool to provide administrative, preventive, health promotion or care services. This group expressed interest for the use of ICT for care and attention during their pregnancy, especially to receive health information, detect risks in pregnan-су or problems and specific needs of women. These results suggest that it is feasible to promote eHealth and mHealth strategies at the primary care level in Mexico.

Exposición a la violencia durante la formación profesional de los residentes médicos / Exposure to violence during the vocational training of resident physicians

Resumen Las residencias médicas garantizan la formación y preparación de los futuros especialistas, no solo académica, sino también humana. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de maltrato, discriminación y abusos en los residentes médicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar experiencias de violencia física, psicológica o sexual de los residentes médicos del estado de Veracruz, México. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo, mediante una metodología cuantitativa, de una población conformada por 656 médicos residentes de 16 unidades receptoras durante el año 2014. El 87 % reportó por lo menos una experiencia de agresión en su tiempo de formación como especialistas y hasta el 50.46 % refirió violencia psicológica. Sus principales agresores fueron jefes de servicio (33.5 %) y compañeros residentes (33.5 %), viéndose más afectados en el turno matutino (34.76 %). De la población total, 51.52 % son hombres y 48.48 % mujeres. En relación al análisis bivariado se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: correlación entre sexo y violencia psicológica: X 2 = 9.740 6, p = 0.004; violencia fisica: X 2 = 4.876 4, p = 0.003; y violencia sexual: X 2 = 4.868 4, P = 0.001. Los varones presentaron tasas de agresión más altas en el grupo de médicos residentes sometidos a mayor nivel de violencia psicológica, física y sexual. Con este estudio se enfatiza la importancia de forjar valores institucionales en la práctica médica, como el respeto y la dignidad, entre los médicos residentes, superiores y/o profesionales que intervienen en la formación y perfeccionamiento de sus especialidades.

Abstract The Medical residencies guarantee the academic and human apprenticeship and training of the future medical specialists. Nevertheless, there is evidence of maltreatment, discrimination and abuse against the medical residents. The purpose of this work was to identify experiences of physical, psychological or sexual violence of medical residents in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. A cross-sectional quantitative analysis was carried out focusing on a population of 656 residents from 16 receiving medical centers during 2014. Results indicate that 87% reported at least one experience of physical violence during their medical internship as specialists. Additionally, and up to 50.46% it reported psychological violence. The main aggressors were reported to be chiefs of service (33T5 %) and resident partners (33.5 %) and participants were more affected during the morning shift (34.76 %). 51.52 % of the participating population are males and 48.48 % are fema les. As regards The bivariate analysis revealed the following results: correlation between gender and psychological violence: X2 = 9.740 6, p = 0.004; physical violence: X2 = 4.876 4, p = 0.003; and sexual violence: X2 = 4.868 4, p = 0.001. Males reported higher aggression rates in their medical internships since they were subject to higher levels of psychological, physical and sexual violence. The results of the study emphasize the importance of forging institutional values as an integral part of medical residency programs. Respect and the dignity among medical residents, superiors and health professionals who are involved in training and apprenticeships of specialists should be promoted.